Cryptocurrencies may be making their way into the mainstream, but that does not mean they are not confusing – even to people with experience in the space. Between their inherently technical nature, multiple varieties and sub-varieties, and endless terminology, cryptocurrency (defined here as digital or virtual currencies that are encrypted using cryptography, powered by the immutable digital ledger known as the blockchain) represents a whole, complex world. In cryptocurrency, the word ‘coin’ is an umbrella term encompassing tokens and altcoins, both of which are fixtures in the ecosystem. Let’s examine the difference.
Altcoins
Altcoins (short for alternative cryptocurrency coins) are coins that represent an alternative to Bitcoin, the most popular and recognizable cryptocurrency. All altcoins possess their own blockchain, independent from their source code, that records all transactions of their native coins.
Many altcoins are variants, or forks, of Bitcoin that leverage that cryptocurrency’s open-source protocol as the basis. Changes to Bitcoin’s code yield coins with different, distinctive features from the original – examples include Namecoin (the first altcoin, created in April 2011 as a decentralized, open-source information registration and transfer system), Litecoin, and Peercoin.
Forking from Bitcoin’s open-source code is not a requirement for an altcoin. Some prominent coins like Ethereum and Ripple are altcoins but have created their own blockchain and protocol instead, with their own subsequent forks.
Tokens
Tokens represent tradeable, interchangeable assets or utilities on top of the blockchain – anything from loyalty points to other cryptocurrencies. They are far easier to create than altcoins because they do not require elements of coding to alter a protocol or create a brand new blockchain. Tokens are designed by following a template on a blockchain (like Ethereum or Waves) and governed by self-executing computer codes called smart contracts. Once created, they are distributed to holders via Initial Coin Offerings (or ICOs), a popular means of crowdfunding without taking on venture capital money (and ceding control of your company with it). Using a template has the added benefit standardizing an interface for interoperability between different tokens – an ERC-20 standard on the Ethereum blockchain is used by 40-plus tokens, which means holders can store these different types of standardized tokens in a single coin wallet, something not possible with coins of different standards.
Structural differences are the main differentiator between altcoins and tokens. Both may be cryptocurrencies, but altcoins are distinct entities on separate blockchains while tokens operate as blockchain-based assets created via template. Each one occupies its own space in the vibrant, dynamic cryptocurrency ecosystem – maybe the next Bitcoin is just around the corner.